Feudal System in Medieval Europe - 2265 Words

The Feudal System in Medieval Europe (7th†14th Century A.D.) 1 A Summary by kiplangat cheruiyot An Introduction At the beginning of medieval age in Europe, based on a feeble resource of data, it is believed that between 80†90% of the economic activity was agriculture. Nearly everybody therefore, earned a living through agriculture as an economic activity. The economic structure prevailing then became known as Feudalism, a term which has come to mean, an economic system based on Lordship (ownership) of vast Land (also known as the ‘manor’ or ‘estate’), owned by a senior lord, who gave the right of cultivation (fief) to a lower rank of people called the†¦show more content†¦The men below of lower rank were not slaves as such but in effect were workers without any rights (given to servitude). They had no economic recourse other than the land and could not leave it. If they did, the life away from the land was vandalism and adventure such as that of â€Å"Robin Hoodâ €  which was rather much worse. In effect Feudalism was a political system which decentralized and localized power. The system came to its Zenith at the beginning of the 12th Century. At this time most of the farming land belonged to most senior people, dioceses and monasteries. It turned out that administration of these estates became very difficult owing to the fact that most land owners had come into possession through various, hereditary paths. They owed loyalty to various warring vassals and thus administration of estates became very difficult. Politically, economically and socially, the feudal system was a way of making administration and communication easier especially to reach the furthest corners least populated or far stretched away from the centre. Those who gained most were the lords and the higher vassals. Nevertheless, the system gave rise to contractual obligations which maintained a semblanc e of economic well being for everyone. It also guaranteed economic benefits paidShow MoreRelatedContrast the Life of the Heian-Era Courtier with That of the Kamakura Samurai.783 Words   |  4 PagesCompare and contrast Medieval Europe with Medieval Japan using examples from three levels of society. †¢ The feudal system of Japan and the feudal system of Europe shared similar structures and values. †¢ The two feudal systems differed in many ways. These differences can be seen in the areas of religion, literature, and the role of women. †¢ The impact of both Japanese and European feudalism is still felt today. ESSENTIAL QUESTION What similarities did the feudal societies in Europe and Japan shareRead MoreMedieval Church And The Middle Ages1435 Words   |  6 Pagesthe Middle Ages. The most important component of the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system of social hierarchy. In the European feudal pyramid, the uppermost ranking was the king, followed by nobles and church officials, knights, and peasants. One’s social ranking determined their place in society as well as their amount of power. The manor system was the economic system associated with feudalism. In the manorial system, a landowner, or lord, would grant a piece of their land to someone in exchange forRead MoreTo What Extent Did Feudalism Affect the Societies in the Middle Ages?1518 Words   |  7 PagesMiddle Ages? Plan of Investigation The investigation assesses the significance of the feudal system in the middle ages. In order to evaluate the feudal system’s significance, the investigation evaluates each role of the social classes in a Middle Ages society. This includes the kings, nobles and lords, knights, and peasants and serfs. Articles and secondary sources are mostly used to evaluate the feudal system’s significance. Two of the sources used in this essay, Feudalism by Joseph R. StrayerRead MoreThe Fall Of The Roman Empire882 Words   |  4 PagesFeudalism was a system developed in Medieval Europe, which structured European society. This system emerged after the fall of the Roman Empire. People needed protection and the feudal system was a way of protecting people in exchange for their services. Feudalism was developed around the 8th to 12th centuries, and it was based on premises between the two people. Feudalism was a way of survival where people exchange their services for land or protectio n of the lords. There was no money involved inRead MoreThe Most Important Aspect Of Knighthood During The Middle Age1391 Words   |  6 Pagesreligion, prowess, and feudal loyalty. Chivalry refers to the lifestyle and moral code following by medieval knights they pledged their loyalty and services to their lord. The term feudalism is used to describe a variety of social, economic, and political obligations and relationships. The Greatest Warrior knight was Godfrey and if asked anyone who was the greatest warrior at the time they would say Godfrey. Chivalry refers to the lifestyle and moral code following by medieval knights they pledgedRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Feudalism770 Words   |  4 Pagesdecentralized political system, flourished in Medieval Europe. In this essay, the main political and economic characteristics of Feudalism will be mentioned, while discussing the main historical factors to the rise and fall of feudalism. The rise of Feudalism was a direct result of insecurity that caused by several significant historical factors. At first, the collapse of Roman Empire that led to prolonged unrest and power struggles was essentially a reason for why Europe was divided into many smallRead MoreFeudal Europe Essay1611 Words   |  7 Pagesviews of the historian giving their perception of events†. This essay will discuss the key features of the feudal period and the key processes leading to the transition of this society from a sociological perspective covering; the rise of feudalism, the hierarchical structure of feudal Europe, the feudal mode of production, urban life, the role of religion and finally, the decline of the feudal period. Harman (2008) explains how Rome ruled its Empire in the West and East for 600 and 1600 yearsRead MoreMedieval Kings and Popes Essay658 Words   |  3 PagesFor military aid and expansion, early popes looked to medieval kings like Clovis of the Franks, but by the time of Charlemagne’s coronation by Pope Leo III, it became questionable whether the pope or the king was the higher authority. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was decentralized with the development of feudalism, and this allowed the only unifying establishment, the Church, to become more powerful. Though the Pope and medieval kings originally held separate roles, with the rise ofRead MoreThe Effects of Feudalism Essay1161 Words   |  5 PagesIn Medieval times during the 10th and 13th centuries, a form of political and social organization called feudalism was a way of life that had great effect on people of the time and on the modern world. Feudalism was developed because of the weakness of Europe and its kings. The word feudalism comes from the word fief, which was the land held on condition of feudal service, similar to an estate (English). The fiefs bound together lords and vassals. Feudalism was a structure in which a lord dividedRead MoreRole Of The Military During Medieval Europe1229 Words   |  5 PagesMilitary in Medieval Europe Research Essay In my research essay, I will write about the role of the military in medieval Europe and will outline what the military were like and how they were established and organized. I will show how the military were connected to the government structure. I will also write about the technological and strategic advances that the military made during the medieval ages and how those had an impact on the role of the military today. In medieval Europe, the role

Situational Influences on Purchasing Behavior - 1938 Words

Running head: Situational Influences on Purchasing Behavior Situational Influences on Purchasing Behavior Abstract There was an investigation in an attempt to understand what situational influences affect purchasing behaviors of consumers. Fifty subjects were asked to complete a survey in determining what attributes affect the decision to purchase a product. The effect of purchase was based on three different times of day: morning, afternoon, and evening. The effect of purchase was also based on whether subjects preferred caffeinated or non-caffeinated soda depending on the time of day. The subjects were asked to rate their preferences on a 5 point rating scale, one being†¦show more content†¦We will also determine taste preference for that particular soda during a particular time of day. To summarize the main objectives of the present study, we will investigate an answer to the question of what impact situational influences on decision making have towards the purchase of a product. We will assess three different time periods; morning, afternoon, and evening based on the decision to drink a caffeinated or a non-caffeinated soda. In order to achieve results, we decided to develop a survey in which subjects were asked to complete a questionnaire based on their preference for the type of soda one drinks during a particular time of day to see if there are variations in taste attributes depending on the time of day the purchasing is taking place. We expect individuals to purchase more caffeinated products during the morning and the afternoon. , Whereas we expect them to purchase more non-caffeinated products. Method Participants Forty-nine subjects volunteered to participate in a survey designed to measure peoples preferences for caffeine, diet, cola, non-cola flavored, or clear cola in three different usage situations; the morning, the afternoon, and at night. The subjects were asked to participate by the three members of the research group. The subjects were not discriminated based onShow MoreRelatedInternal Factors That Influence Consumer Behavior1339 Words   |  6 Pagessuccessfully market their product or service, the behavior of consumers must be considered. Understanding how a person thinks, reacts, and feels may play a huge role in how a marketing manager sets up their campaign; thus determining whether or not their marketing plan was a success or failure. The factors that affect consumer behavior can be broken down into three segments: internal, external, and situational. Internal factors that influence consumer behavior involves the perception of a product by aRead MoreConsumer s Influence On Consumer Behavior1272 Words   |  6 Pagesto purchasing. Advancements in technology have not only allowed consumers the capability to research, price shop and purchase products, but have also given businesses the ability to reach a targeted market based on data collection and past purchase history. Given that consumers have the purchase power in today’s society, many businesses have implemented situational factors to influence a consumers buying behavior. Consumers typically have a level of purchase involvement when making purchasing decisionsRead MoreCognitive Process And Consumer Behavior And Purchasing Choices1746 Words   |  7 PagesA RESEARCH ON COGNITIVE PROCESS RELATED TO CONSUMER BEHAVIOR AND PURCHASING CHOICES By ADEOLA SAINT MATTHEW DANIEL (576870851) ‘This research project observes the Vancouver Island University code of conduct’ TABLE OF CONTENT CONCEPT OF CONSUMER BEHAVIOR†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦....3 COGNITIVE PROCESS ANALYSIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.3 COGNITIVE ACCURACY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 COMPONENTS OF COGNITIVE ACCURACY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...4, 5 FACTORS AFFECTING PURCHASING DECISIONS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.5 CONTROLLING LEARNING HABIT†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6Read MoreInternal Influences and Consumer Decision Process1649 Words   |  7 PagesInternal Influences and Consumer Decision Process Consumers’ Purchase Decision: Motivation Consumer motivation is an internal state that drives people to identify and buy products or services that fulfill conscious and unconscious needs or desires. 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Although it covers a wide variety of theories, such as situational, personal, socialRead MoreMotivating1047 Words   |  5 Pagestheir leaders behaviors and how they are treated on a daily basis. As a company decides to move employees have an enormous amount of things to consider. A few of my concerns with employees moving are; cost of living at the new location, school and daycare for children, jobs available for their spouse, and public transportation. Moving to a new location incurs costs that may be more significant that the compensation package allows. Selling a home at the current location and purchasing a new one isRead MoreThe Attitude Of Young Adult Vietnamese Consumers1633 Words   |  7 Pagessection aims to discuss the research results in relations to existing conclusions upon consumer attitudes and product theories and whether the research supports or disagrees it. Despite the various debates, attitude still contributes to consumer behavior to an extent. In reference to the tricomponent model, if the attitude is not strong, individuals are unlikely to act upon it. This conclusion discussed by Maio and Haddock (2009) is supported in the current research. Of the respondents, 23.3% ofRead MoreConsumer Behavior : What Affect Does It Have Potentially On A Community?1565 Words   |  7 PagesConsumer Behavior Analysis Introduction Consumer Behavior can be described in many ways. How does one describe it and just what affect does it have potentially on a community? One can imagine the positive or adverse effects it may have personally or with consumers, however, marketers know that value is the key in order to reach consumers. Our textbook provided the following focus; it states; â€Å"This chapter focuses on precisely how the value a consumer obtains from a purchase or consumption

The Sustainabile Production Of Palm Oil Environmental Sciences Essay Free Essays

string(53) " several values underlines its pecuniary importance\." This undertaking is centered on how the sustainability construction can be used to aline the environmental friendly patterns of palm oil production. It gathers together the fiscal and economic, environmental and societal dimensions of the concern. The methodological analysis consists of a straightforward analysis of the sustainability construct that includes three indispensable facets. We will write a custom essay sample on The Sustainabile Production Of Palm Oil Environmental Sciences Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now The foremost one is the high income program of humanising the fiscal, economic and societal benefits and diminishing the environmental effects of the activities of oil thenar agribusiness over both the short- and long-terms. Second, in beef uping relationships and partnerships by familiarising and working with the employees, investors and stakeholders to talk about their demands and those of the industry in increasing the production of high quality merchandises from palm oil and its merchandises. The 3rd one is by meaning the dependability and committedness in continuing the high ethical motives of the industry in its daily procedures by bring forthing zero waste by full usage of its byproducts thereby diminishing pollution. It is our belief that industries are making the right thing by doing sustainability a portion of its twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours activity and it is besides our strong belief that the policies identified in the sustainability model are for the healthie r growing of the industry in the twenty-first century. Work-packages At the clip this undertaking proposal was made, the word packaging is associated with the aim of this undertaking. They include To truly understand the value usage of the thenar oil To happen out other economic values of the oil thenar To place the by -products of oil thenar after treating and ways to better on the waste that is been generated. To truly understand the utility of a thenar tree. It is truly of import to understand that every portion of a thenar tree is significantly utile The procedures involved in the production of a thenar tree. To foreground ways in which palm oil production could be made more feasible in the production concatenation. To measure the possible part of clean ( er ) engineering to increase the environmental public presentation of the rough palm oil industry To analyze application barriers for cleaner production in rough palm oil industry To bring forth constructs for traveling the palm oil industry towards sustainability Expected Results It is expected that this undertaking will demo assorted procedures involved in the production of palm oil. It will besides foreground countries that require betterment in footings of electricity coevals which could be used at the factory, watercourse production which is used in the sterilisation procedure utilizing the waste that is been generated from the factory. This undertaking will travel a long manner in doing us to understand the assorted merchandises which could be produced from the waste generated from the factory like the empty fruit brunch which could be in the production of soap and detergents, other merchandises which could be made from nonedible palm oil like Candles, Printing inks, Biodiesel, acids to lubricate fibres in the fabric industry, Cosmetics. Technical hazard anticipated This undertaking will non be expecting any proficient hazard. This is because the undertaking would be based on the research and audience from relevant thenar oil factory. Resources need Some of import resources will be needed for this undertaking. These resources will include: Internet information Information from oil factory Library information Beneficiaries of the work This undertaking will learn me some of import utilizations of palm oil and besides others uses that could be obtained from the waste that is been generated from the factory. I will besides larn some environmental issues that will be associated with the production of palm oil. This undertaking will be good to industries that produce palm oil for the efficient and feasible ways of palm oil production. Introduction Historical development of the universe thenar oil The beginning of palm oil started in the rain wood of West Africa, where it was used as a footing of oil and vitamins. Its ingestion has been for more than 5,000 old ages. ( Chavalparit, 2006 ) Presently the oil thenar tree can be seen in many tropical states in Asia, Africa and Latin America. The most critical countries of oil thenar agribusiness is in South East Asia. States like Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand produce about 80 % of the universe ‘s palm oil ( Gopal, 2001 ) . Oil thenar seeds were introduced to Indonesia and Malaysia in 1848 and 1875 severally and the first industrial oil thenar plantation was introduced in Malaysia in 1917. ( Chavalparit, 2006 ) The autumn in monetary value gum elastic in the late 1920s exhilarated the agribusiness of oil thenar in Malaysia at that clip ; Nigeria and Zaire were the prima thenar oil manufacturers in the universe. From 1960-1995, the palm oil industry in Malaysia displayed a really fast development and of all time since it has been the universe ‘s prima exporter of thenar oil since 1966 replacing Nigeria, which had been the major maker and exporter since the debut of palm oil into the universe market. ( Chavalparit, 2006 ) More late, sustainability has received inordinate consideration with battles to integrate it into the palm oil concern scheme. In the sustainability model, the environmental, economic and societal characteristics are studied for their influences in both the short-run and long-terms. The three pronged policy of high income, value add-on and nothing waste are examined as portion of the journey towards corporate sustainability. Making so has one time once more revealed the benefits of the harvest in supplying oil to the universe. Oil thenar ( Elaeis guineensis ) was originated in the tropical rain forest part of West Africa and is one of the taking commercial oil harvests in that part. ( FAO ) The agribusiness of oil thenar serves as a agency of income for several people and truly the agrarian civilization of 1000000s of people in West Africa. The mention to oil thenar as a harvest of several values underlines its pecuniary importance. You read "The Sustainabile Production Of Palm Oil Environmental Sciences Essay" in category "Essay examples" It consist of critical constituents which includes ; the fronds, the foliages, the bole and the roots which are used for legion intents which ranges from palm oil, thenar meat oil, thenar vino, broom, and palm meats cake. Review on the sustainable agribusiness is critical due to the planetary involvement on how palm oil plantations have evolved and a set of principles/ guidelines are necessary for the production of palm oil. Many indispensable advantages are antecedently within the oil thenar system of works physiology of high productiveness and effectual C assimilation. Oil thenar is ascribed with its great oil output per unit country. It yields two types of oils from the same fruit. They are palm meats oil from the seed or kernel inside the hard-shell mesocarp and palm oil from the flesh or meso carp. ( Y. Basiron, 2007 ) The thenar meat besides produces a left over merchandise which is known as thenar meat repast, which could be used to feed animate beings. These oils are taken out by cautious split-up at different phases of the milling procedure. The production of Palm meat is about 10 % of the sum of palm oil produced. Both oils have dissimilar utilizations and market mercantile establishments. The oil from the flesh or mesocarp ( palm oil ) is used mostly for nutrient, while the oil from the meat goes largely into the oleochemical industry for the production of soaps, detergents and toilet articles merchandises. Numerous biomass merchandises produced from the oil thenar are non used up efficaciously. Production workss or handle oil Millss often produce big sums of fibre-type merchandises which are in the signifier of empty fruit Bunches and fruit mesocarp fibers, which are besides used back in the plantation for mulching and other agricultural intents. Fruits fiber and the meat shell are used to bring forth electricity and steam for the factory by firing them inside the boiler. The easiness to entree energy at the factory helps to cut down the cost of palm oil production in relation to the energy required to pull out the meat and the oil. The oil been produced from the thenar histories for approximately 10 % of the entire dry biomass while the other 90 % shows a important beginning of fibre cellulosic stuff which awaits commercial use. It could be anticipated that upcoming biofuel will be centered on the alteration of cellulosic fiber or biomass into liquid fuel. This makes the oil thenar truly attractive as a approachi ng beginning of renewable energy from the biomass which, if decently harnessed sagely, will heighten the sustainable production of palm oil. In the bio-based economic system, the handiness of biomass as feedstock for energy and merchandises will reasonably depend on the remains obtained from the agro-food concatenation. In this survey, the thought of increasing the sustainability of the thenar oil value concatenation will be expounded with the purpose to reap a verifiable sustainable biomass. It is made known that a common usage of both the valued comestible oil and biomass remains will ensue in a more sustainable value concatenation. In other words, it should be environmentally sound, economically feasible and socially acceptable. Palm oil production produces big measures of biomass byproduct which is five times the oil production and they are non utilised efficaciously to add value to the production concatenation. The present thenar oil production agreement is largely seen as unsustainable because of negative effects on biodiversity such as harm of virgin woods and nursery gas emanations related with bing waste dumping methods. The ingestion of byproducts for energy and green chemicals provides positions for be aftering a â€Å" certified † sustainable nutrient oil production concatenation that will accommodate good in the development of a bio-based economic system. The chief subjects for treatment of sustainable palm oil production so far, has focused on the jobs of plague and H2O direction, rain forest loss, biodiversity, dirt birthrate and reproduction and the emanation of nursery gasses. Exploiting the gettable energy that could be obtained from the biomass byproducts has been known and in most instances remains from oil production are used to present the energy necessary to run the works operation. This survey will concentrate at chances to work the bountifully gettable biomass wastes ( fiber, imperativeness bar, thenar foreparts, empty fruit Bunches, shells, etc. ) as renewable resources for fresh merchandises and energy that develop the sustainability of the palm oil production. Approach First the possible usage of palm oil byproducts as a sustainable biomass beginning would be assessed by researching the gross handiness of byproducts, so factors to be considered in finding the possible net biomass handiness. The ensuing stairss will be taken: The entire production of end-products and byproducts will be enumerated by giving a gross biomass production image. Then the bing concrete and jutting utilizations of the byproducts will be made available, in add-on, a belief treatment on the operation rate and efficiency of the usage, possible restraints will be reported to do byproducts available for energy and other usage. A short treatment will be given on the possibility of increasing the sustainability of the palm oil production by optimum byproduct use for energy and other intents Merchandises and byproducts in the palm oil production concatenation Below is the list of merchandises and by merchandises in the palm oil production concatenation at the field and at the factory. Palm meats cake PKC Crude palm oil CPO Kernel oil KO Oil thenar fronds OPF Empty fruit clump EFB Palm oil factory effluent POME Rootss Trucks Fiber Shell Some of these merchandises and by merchandises contains some foods which include N, K, P, Mg, Ca and besides H2O. Form this, it is seen that the sum of biomass is really big both in the field and at the factory. For illustration in Malaysia and Indonesia, which accounts about 50 % and 1/3 of universe thenar oil production severally, figures shows that the sum of biomass at the factory is estimated at 30 to 50 million dozenss and 70 to 80 dozenss at the field. These figures are conservative dry weight estimations. Practical and proposed utilizations of palm oil byproducts Below are the list of practical and some proposed utilizations of palm oil by- merchandise Merchandises composing current/ possible usage Remark OPF Crude fiber, protein Mulch, mush, fiber, provender Distributed over plantation Root Mulch Excessively much available at one time, deracinating disturbs the dirt Short pantss Mulch, fibre board Excessively much available at one time, frequently at distant site of plantation EFB Cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin Mulch, fuel, clump ash, fibre board, mush, paper EFB less good suited as fuel than fiber or shell and does roll up frequently Fiber Lignin Fuel for factory, fibre board Shell Fuel for factory, activated C briquette, atom board Silicate signifiers scale when burned Pome Suspended solids Methane production, fertiliser, provender, soap Methane emanation, river pollution are a job when non managed decently. PKC Oil, petroleum fiber, protein Feed, fertiliser Feed possible non to the full used. From the tabular array above, it shows that at present, most byproducts are used or disposed of within the system for agricultural intent like mulching or fertiliser and for energy production at the factory. Soon merely a part of the entire byproducts are utilised as fuel feedstock in works operations. Particularly, the EFB is barely used and this creates debatable consequence for its disposal since unfastened field/pile combustion is frequently no longer allowed. Effluent from the Palm oil factory is besides hardly used and this creates a job at the oil production Millss. This shows clearly that biomass use is non enhanced and that there is a demand for other utilizations. It is hard to acquire computed informations on the present usage of byproducts and peculiarly on the efficiency of such usage. In the undermentioned paragraphs I would wish discourse the issue of current use rate and efficiency of such utilizations. Use rate: Malaysia has rather a high use for field byproducts ( 80 to 95 % ) as mulch and for shells and fiber as fuel for the Millss ( 90 % ) . For POME and EFB the use rates are much lower ( 35 to 65 % ) ( Gurmit, 1999 ) Apparently the stuff is non easy used for energy production and benefits of returning the stuff to the field as mulch / fertiliser are considered excessively low to countervail the cost. Consequently literature indicates that these merchandises frequently form environmental jobs bring forthing methane and polluting waterways. A big figure of enterprises are afoot to happen ways of extenuating this job. In Yeoh ( 2004 ) it is estimated that in Malaysia methane emanation from unfastened of POME pools sum to 225.000 dozenss ( 1999 ) , which is tantamount to 5,17 million dozenss of CO2, or 3.6 % of the estimated entire emanations in Malaysia. Empty fruit Bunches are less attractive as a boiler fuel and are hence by and large non used for energy. For other states utilization rates should be lower than in Malaysia which has the most advanced thenar oil production system. Efficiency of use: Again, it is difficult to happen quantified informations here. It was discovered that the palm oil industry is one of those uncommon industries where really small effort is made to salvage energy. ( Husain et al, 2003 ) . The energy balance in a typical thenar oil factory is far from premier and there is significant possibility for betterment. Soon most Millss maps on low force per unit area boilers bring forthing steam for operating. In Malaysia, high force per unit area boiler systems are used to bring forth electricity and steam for operation at the factory and supply to the grid. It was predicted that signifier 1999 the annual thenar oil factory remains will ensue to 18 million dozenss of biomass big plenty to bring forthing 3197 GWh and 31.5 million dozenss of POME with a coevals potency of for 1587 GWh. Hashim ( 2005 ) This postulation was low compared to Yeoh ( 2004 ) who predicted that 2250 GWh electricity can be produced from POME through biogas. ( for 1999 informations ) . Based on the figures from Hashim ( 2005 ) the complete electricity bring forthing capacity from factory remains was given as 5000 GWh. Field remains amounted to twice the measure of biomass at factory. This excluded the roots. From the figures given above it shows that in Malaysia, the electricity supply potency is about15000 GWh. Malaysia histories for 50 % of the universe thenar oil production nationally, 30000 GWh of electricity can be produced from Palm oil remains. Menon ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ptm.org.my/biogen ) associated the additions from utilizing EFB as mulch in Fieldss ( alimentary value subtraction logistics costs ) and the net income when used for electricity production. It was discovered that the returns for electricity production was 3.5 times higher. Indeed, there are a figure of creativenesss which are present in Malaysia for the production of electricity from the by-product of thenar oil which are delivered to the grid. It must be observed that electricity coevals through combustion green goodss ash which encloses largely P and K and other foods which could still be reused in the plantation. The above illustration was based on electricity production to the grid. But still, several Millss are excessively unaccessible to bring forth electricity to the grid and other by-product mercantile establishments should besides be considered such as wood coal, pyrolysis oil, HTU oil, paper mush, fibre board, etc. In under developed or developing states, Millss will be excessively little to justify investings in the transition system and small informations and factory remains for efficiency and reuse of field could be found. Obviously recycling of POME and EFB is really limited. Discussion and decisions In the Palm Oil value concatenation there is an overall excess of byproducts and the use rate of these byproducts is low, as is particularly the instance for wastewater and empty fruit Bunches. For other mill by- merchandises the efficiency of the application can clearly be increased. For field residues, the chief use now is disposal as mulch and fertilizer. The efficiency and effectivity of this application could non be determined here. Still this will depend on local conditions and it should be possible to give indicants of what recycling or valorisation system will be optimum here. By-products are considered at best as a nuisance which may take to environmental jobs. As the bio based economic system develops and markets for C impersonal merchandises grow those byproducts should be seen as resource. The first effects are going clear with bringing of sustainable thenar oil waste electricity to the grid in Malaysia. The primary benefit of external demand for byproducts is the resolution of jobs refering fouling byproducts and increasing the profitableness of the production by: aˆ? balanced recycling foods and C at the field, aˆ? increasing the efficiency of boiler fuel use at the factory aˆ? supplies of excess energy to local electricity cyberspace fresh economic activity and coevals of local employment by transition of biomass residues in value added merchandises. The increased food recycling will increase dirt birthrate and increase sustainability of palm oil production. Systems that minimise the remotion of foods and C from the system should be preferred. Still non all C and foods have to be re-cycled. What the optimum is between bio mass use and recycling varies harmonizing to dirt and clime. In the instance that external demand for byproducts of palm oil production materialises, larger sums of byproducts will go available. The palm oil industry will hold to weigh the ain demand for fuel and the demand for recycling of foods and dirt C against the cost of fertilizer and the net incomes of biomass transition. It is of import to cognize what are the optimal conditions here in order to plan sustainable systems that besides produce big measures of biomass for energy and merchandises. A really unsmooth conjecture is that 25 to 50 % of the byproducts may be available for energy export ( matching approximately to 30-60 million dozenss dry weight biomass ) . It would be a good development if the byproducts from Palm oil production were considered as a possible resource for CO2 impersonal energy and merchandises alternatively of a waste. A much more elaborate survey into the net mass balance and possible biomass production from the palm oil concatenation and the possibilities of happening added value for these merchandises in a biobased economic system is indispensable for developing economically, socially and environmentally sustainable palm oil systems. The acknowledgment that using byproducts for added value is good to the sustainability of palm oil production is indispensable for attesting the sustainability of the palm oil biomass energy and merchandises. Multi-stakeholder engagement is required for turn toing the sustainability of the nutrient oil supply concatenation. This would besides include foreigner ( non-food ) industries involved in energy and fiber merchandises selling. More information is needed to find how much biomass is needed at the factory for works operations and how efficient this usage is, how much foods can be removed from the system without impacting sustainability ( alimentary and C recycling ) , rating of the competitory potency of supplies to the market of energy, merchandises and C arrested development. More quantified information is needed on states outside Malaysia that have similar thenar oil waste disposal jobs and potencies to use these merchandises as a resource. How to cite The Sustainabile Production Of Palm Oil Environmental Sciences Essay, Essay examples

Concentration of HCL affecting surface area to vol ratio free essay sample

The research question that this report is going to discuss is â€Å"What is the relationship between concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and the rate of diffusion? † My hypothesis for this research question is that change in rate of diffusion will be observed when the agar blocks are placed in solutions of different concentrations of HCl. As the concentration of HCl increases, the rate of diffusion will also increase due to the steeper concentration gradient created. To investigate the change in rate of diffusion when different concentrations of HCl are used, I used agar blocks that are stained with universal indicator that would change from green to pink when exposed to HCl. To prepare the agar blocks, I used knife and ruler to acquire 5 agar blocks with equal dimensions of 3. 0cm by 1. 0cm by 0. 5cm. Then I prepared 5 different concentrations of HCl with equal volume of 5cm^3 in test tubes, which were 0. 0M. 0. 2M, 0. 4M, 0. 6M, 0. 8M and finally 1. 0M of HCl. Then, I placed the agar blocks into respective test tubes, measuring the time taken for the agar blocks to turn from green to completely pink. This was repeated 2 more times, having 3 set of readings in total. The results collected showed an increasing trend in the rate of diffusion as the concentration of HCl increased. This clearly supported the hypothesis I derived at. (227 words) ? Content Page Abstract2 Content Page3 Introduction4 Research question:4 Hypothesis:4 Introduction (2)5 Literature Review5 Methodology6 Results8 Results (2)9 Discussion10 Limitations11 Improvements11 Conclusion12 Bibliography13 ? Introduction Research question: How does change in concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl) affect the rate of diffusion through the agar blocks which contain starch stained with universal indicator, while keeping surrounding temperature, the surface area to volume ratio of agar blocks used and the volume of solution to which the agar blocks were placed constant? Hypothesis: Change in rate of diffusion will be observed when agar blocks are placed in solutions of different concentrations of HCl. As the concentration of HCl increases, the rate of diffusion will also increase due to the steeper concentration gradient created ? Introduction (2) Literature Review Diffusion is known as the net movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration along the concentration gradient. There are few factors that affect the rate of diffusion, the time taken for both regions to have equal amount of particles. One of them is temperature. It is known that temperature has the greatest effect on diffusion rates and is the easiest of the factors to change. Increasing the temperature increases the diffusion rate by adding energy to each particle. This is because particles with more energy can move to the region of lower concentration with more speed and more easily. Similarly, lowering the temperature will lower the diffusion rate by lowering the energy of each particle. Another important factor that changes the rate of diffusion is the concentration gradient, which we will be exploring in this experiment. The rate of diffusion depends on the difference between concentrations across the region of lower concentration and higher concentration, with steeper concentration differences resulting in higher diffusion rates (Simon 2013). This can be explained by Fick’s Law, which can be summarised by this equation: Rate of diffusion is proportional to(surface area x difference in concentration )/(Length of diffusion path). From the equation derived from Fick’s Law, it is clearly seen that the difference in concentration (concentration gradient) will increase the rate of diffusion (Michael Kent 2000). This theory can be used to explain real life situations, like how human lungs take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide in a split second. It is due to the great difference in concentrations of both gases (very steep concentration gradient) that allows relatively fast rate of diffusion. For instance, when breathing in, the concentration of oxygen in alveoli is very high compared to that in the blood vessels surrounding the alveoli. Thus, rate of diffusion is great, allowing oxygen to diffuse as fast as possible. (BBC 2013) Methodology Table 1.1-Table of variables and how it is controlled VariablesDetails of variablesHow it is controlled Independent VariableConcentration of HClConcentration of HCl is controlled by the amount of distilled water added to HCl. For example, in order to achieve a concentration of 0. 2 moldm^(-3), 1. 0 cm^3 of 1 mol of HCl is added, with 4 cm^3 of distilled water added. Dependent VariableRate of Diffusion The time is taken by a stopwatch until the agar blo ck turns pink in colour completely. Controlled VariableTemperature of the surrounding Surface area to volume ratio of the agar blocks Volume of solution to place the agar blocks into. Temperature is set at an air-conditioned room in a Biology lab The agar blocks are cut into same length, same breadth and same height (3. 0 cm by 1. 0 cm by 0. 5cm), thus having the same volume and surface area. This ensures the ratio is the same. The volume of solutions used is kept the same at 5. 0cm^3. Table 1. 2-Apparatus used in the experiment Apparatus QuantityUncertainty 2% Starch Agar (Universal Indicator stained) 1. 0 M Hydrochloric Acid (aq) Deionized Water Stop Watch2 ±0. 01s This might be due to the inaccurate cutting of the dimension of the agar blocks. It could also be due to our inability to decide whether the agar blocks have turned completely green to pink in colour. Thus, the calculated rate of diffusion could have changed. Limitations Some of the results were not as accurate as it was difficult to see whether the agar blocks have turned entirely pink in colour. Some of the agar blocks still had strips of green in them when we removed it from the solution and cut it. This could have affected the time taken for the agar blocks to turn entirely pink and thus, affecting the rate of diffusion. The temperature of the solutions containing the agar blocks might not be constant throughout the whole experiment. This can be due to holding of test tubes with our hands and also putting it down again several times. The heat from the hand might get transferred and the temperature might be altered. This can affect the time taken for the agar blocks to turn completely pink, as higher temperature induce faster rate of diffusion. Some of the results are not very accurate as the surface area to volume ratio was not constant for all the agar blocks tested. One of the reasons is due to the limited amount of agar blocks that were allocated for each bench. Another reason is that it was difficult to use the knife provided to cut the agar blocks in a straight manner and as accurately. This limitation can affect the time taken for agar blocks to turn pink, followed by the rate of diffusion, as some blocks are bigger while some are smaller than the others. Improvements In order to make sure that the agar blocks have turned entirely pink, use a light and put it in a white background where the colour changed is more visible. Then, the calculated rate of diffusion will not be affected. Place the test tubes in a water bath where the temperature can be kept constant at the temperature of tap water. This way, the calculated rate of diffusion will not be affected. Lastly, use a stamp with all the desirable dimension of the agar blocks measured. This way, not only is it convenient, it also helps us acquire the accurate dimensions of the agar blocks, having the same surface area to volume ratio for all the agar blocks. Then, the calculated rate of diffusion will not be affected. Conclusion In conclusion, the readings and the derived results in the form of tables, and line graph support my hypothesis, which is: Change in rate of diffusion will be observed when agar blocks are placed in solutions of different concentrations of HCl. As the concentration of HCl increases, the rate of diffusion will also increase due to the steeper concentration gradient created. With the derived conclusion, it shows that in order for rate of diffusion to be greater, higher concentration of the solution must be used, so that the concentration gradient is steeper.